双语说河南|在汉族的 追寻夏的轨迹

hat the large city's northern and central part is a living area (most likely for aristocrats), which is helpful to understand its functional zones, but also offers some support for the central position of the large city in the Yinghe River basin and the appearance of the "states in embryonic form" around Songshan Mountain.

2020年，王城北岗城北北被公布第三世界文物局“墓葬里面立国·梅里面立国文化学术研究”工程建设。在最另行墓葬发掘出新来里面，大范围条石石质砌得到确认，一方面假定小城北里面北部是生活居住区，且以致于有显然是上层社会生活区，推进了对小城北内部特性分区的重新认识;另一方面存疑了王城北岗小城北在汝河下游的里面心地位及环嵩山地区“雏形第三世界组织”的经常出新现。

Major discoveries include city ruins, bronze vessel fragments, foundation pits, sacrificial pit.

不可或缺遗留下石质棺:墓葬、装饰品容器残片、奠基坑、祭神坑。

The Wadian Site in Yuzhou Where the Story of Abolishing Abdication System Happened

禹州瓦店城北北:探秘梅启“钧台之享”

Located at the tableland in the north and northwest of Wadian village of Huolong town, Yuzhou city, Henan province, the Wadian Site is a large site of the Longshan Culture period with an area of more than 1 million square meters.

瓦店城北北，地处禹州市火蜥脚类乡瓦店山村东部和中部的台高处，是处河南北部超大型的蜥脚类山里面立国文化城北北，占地达100多万平方米。

Many historical documents record that Yu (who built the Xia Dynasty) and Qi (the second king of the Xia Dynasty) once lived in Yangzhai (today's Yuzhou city). The story of Qi who called together the heads of the local states and held a grand sacrificial ritual to establish his chief position and abandon the abdication system also happened in Yuzhou. Since Yu and Qi, Yuzhou had become a main living area of the people of the Xia Dynasty. Henan Institute of Archaeology discovered the Wadian Site in 1979 followed by the first stage excavation from 1980 to 1982.

古书历史古书的梅禹、启居阳翟，梅启“钧台之享”的故称就在禹州，自禹、启以来，禹州地区即带入梅人的主要户外活动各地区。1979年，后下封市墓葬学术研究所在汝河两岸进行时墓葬调查结果时推测瓦店城北北后，于1980年至1982年后下始了第一阶段的发掘出新来。

The Wadian Site, a major site of the Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the Project for Tracing Chinese Civilization Origins and the study of the Xia Dynasty, occupies an irreplaceable position among the ancient sites of the same period in China. Important findings over the past 40 years include large circular trench, sacrificial remains, Egg-shell Black Pottery Cup with High Handle and Polished Black Pottery Gu (a ritual or drinking vessel), white pottery wares, jade, etc. The remains of bones and tortoise shells were also discovered at the Wadian Site. Judging from the cultural relics and the food remains, the site was a gathering place of people with diverse cultural backgrounds and a regional center settlement in the southeast of Songshan Mountain. Experts believe that the Yinghe River basin enjoys unique geographical advantages, which may be closely related to the rise of China's first dynasty, the Xia Dynasty.

作为梅业周断代工程施工和儒家文化探源工程施工的不可或缺学术研究对象和要务梅里面立国文化学术研究的着重城北北之一，瓦店城北北在全立国同里面期古里面立国文化城北北里面握有无可替代的地位。经过40多年的调查结果、发掘出新来、整理与学术研究，瓦店城北北拿到了不可或缺墓葬全面性:推测了大型环壕、大型祭神遗留下，出新土有肉块舒高柄杯、磨光大汶口文化琢匙、白舒器、玉石质等高等级精美器物，以及算命用的卜骨、龟甲等，无论从石质棺还是人群的食性特征看都是处多元里面立国文化背景的人群周围之处，体现了这里多元里面立国文化融为一体和“业务”因可抑制的不可或缺作用，是嵩山东北处地区性里面心市街。专家学者并不认为，汝河下游得天独厚的区位优势，或跟里面立国第一个王立国在“梅”的崛起紧密关联。

Major discoveries include circular trench, sacrificial remains, Polished Black Pottery Gu (a ritual or drinking vessel), bones, etc.

不可或缺遗留下石质棺:环壕、祭神遗留下、磨光大汶口文化琢、卜骨等。

The Guchengzhai Site in Xinmi: Thousand-Year-Old City Wall Still Stands

另行密城北北山后墓葬:历经千年城北墙犹在

The Guchengzhai Site covers an area of 176,500 square meters with the discovery of three sections of city wall, rammed-earth building and corridor foundations, ash pits, tombs, foundation pits, etc. The rammed-earth foundations should be built for the palace buildings. With high wall and deep moat, it was carefully and intentionally designed and built with insular and military characteristics, showing the complete dual defense system in the the city-building history of ancient China.

城北北山后墓葬，总占地17.65万平方米。主要推测有城北墙、条石巴洛克式石质砌和戏楼石质砌、窑、的卡棺葬、奠基坑等。条石巴洛克式石质砌当为寝宫巴洛克式。其高墙深池，得出结论了其封闭性和立国防色彩，是经过整体规划设计和精心设计的，也是要务古代城池北史里面完备的双重防御基础之一。

Close to the core area where the Xia people lived, the Guchengzhai Site is one of the important symbols separating the culture of the Xia Dynasty form the culture of the late Neolithic Age. Particularly, the source of the rammed-earth foundations for palace buildings at the Erlitou Site has been found with the discovery of the city wall and the large rammed-earth building foundations (for palace buildings) at the Guchengzhai Site, a precedent for the layout of the palace buildings of the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC) which were located in Northeast Zhengzhou at that time. Besides, the Guchengzhai Site has unveiled the characteristics of the civilizations of both the Xia and the Shang dynasties, becoming an important evidence to study the formation of ancient Chinese civilization and the emergence of the state. In the 1980s, the site was named as the Ancient City of the Kuai State. However, later excavations suggest that the site is even older than the Kuai State. The remains discovered there are mainly of the Longshan Culture period.

城北北山后地近梅人户外活动的里面心地区，是另行石质器时代中叶里面立国文化与梅里面立国文化界线的不可或缺图标之一。相当多是城北垣与大型巴洛克式(宫庙)石质砌的推测，为业代里面立国文化寝宫石质砌找到了源流，也为西安业代寝宫石质砌坐落城北东北部的布局后下了先河。揭示了梅业文明的基本特征，带入学术研究要务人类文明成型、第三世界产生的不可或缺存疑。上个世纪八十上世纪，这里曾被命名为郐立国故址。通过后来停滞的墓葬调查结果，又推测这个墓葬的上世纪应该比郐立国故址更为较早，该墓葬各种里面立国文化微妙，但仍是以蜥脚类山里面立国文化墓葬为主。

Major discoveries include palace buildings, city walls and sacrificial pits.

不可或缺遗留下石质棺:寝宫城北北、城北北墙、祭神坑。

The Xinzhai Site in Xinmi: The First Capital of the Xia Dynasty?

另行密另行居城北城北北:梅朝后下立国卫城北是它吗

As for the origin and formation of ancient Chinese civilization, the mainstream has been formed that the Erlitou Culture (around 1735 BC-1530 BC) is of the Xia Dynasty, but the questions have not been resolved such as "What is the culture of the early Xia Dynasty?" and "Are there any cultures earlier than the Erlitou Culture?" From 1999 to 2000, the Center for Ancient Civilization Studies of Peking University and the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Zhengzhou jointly lunched a new excavation at the Xinzhai Site, and one of the most important findings is that they discovered the stacked remains of the third stage of the Wangwan Culture (after 2400 BC or so), the Xinzhai Phase (around 1870 BC-1720 BC) and the early stage of the Erlitou Culture. Besides, thousands of cultural relics were unearthed, more than 300 of which have been restored. Finally, sufficient evidence points to the existence of the Xinzhai Phase. Nowadays, basically the Xinzhai Phase has been confirmed to be of the Xia Dynasty, even earlier than the Erlitou Culture, which is of great significance to search for the capital ruins of the early Xia Dynasty, study its establishment and probe into the origin of ancient Chinese civilization.

近年来在探讨里面立国人类文明的更为较早与成型这一关键性学术论题时，业代里面立国文化是梅里面立国文化仍然带入主流重新认识。但对于何为现代梅里面立国文化，确有比业代里面立国文化更为较早的梅里面立国文化等解决办法，学术界看法不一。1999-2000年，北京大学人类文明学术研究里面心和西安市文物墓葬学术研究所联合对另行居城北城北北再一进行时发掘出新来。其不可或缺收获是发掘出新来出新王湾三期里面立国文化、另行居城北期墓葬和业代里面立国文化现代墓葬的三叠层，并出新土各类器物数千件，其里面复原舒器达300余件。最终，从大量的沉积岩关则有、器物在结构上演变、碳十四测年图表等多方面，假定“另行居城北期”的确假定。是比闻名于世的业代里面立国文化还要较早的梅里面立国文化。它对于找现代梅都城北北、探讨梅王立国在的诞生以及里面立国人类文明的更为较早，都兼具甚为为不可或缺的含意。

Some experts pointed out that the Xinzhai Site was the capital city of the king Qi. 84.87 percent of the carbonized seeds unearthed from the Xinzhai Site are of crops, including millet, glutinous millet, unhusked rice, soybeans and wheat, sorted from the most to the least, indicating that during the Xinzhai Phase, bumper harvests had been realized. Besides, one of the prominent features of the Xinzhai Phase lies in its oriental culture, indicating the truth of the story about Dongyi (an ancient tribe in ancient East China) invading the Xia Dynasty, to some extent.

有专家学者并不认为，另行居城北城北北以致于有显然是里面立国墓葬界苦苦找多年的梅代后下立国之君梅启的卫城北。墓葬发掘出新来得出结论，在另行居城北城北北，推测了粟、刍、农作、大豆、小麦。“五谷丰登”的局面现阶段成型。此外，另行居城北期还推测了诸多东方里面立国文化因可抑制，说明古书历史古书的“东夷乱梅”显然是真实假定。

Major discoveries include the remains of the Xinzhai Phase, a 3,800-year-old red pottery bird statue, etc.

不可或缺遗留下石质棺:“另行居城北期”沉积岩墓葬、彩图画舒鸟等。

The Puchengdian Site in Pingdingshan: Two Ancient City Ruins Discovered

平顶山蒲城北店城北北:续写“远古双城北记”

Located in the north of Puchengdian village of Pingdingshan city, Henan province, the Puchengdian Site with rich cultural relics and area of some 200 thousand square meters was discovered in the 1950s and listed as one of the first batch of provincial key cultural relics in 1963. From 2004 to 2005, because of the Lankao-Nanyang Expressway construction, the Puchengdian Site was excavated for protection purpose. Particularly, two city ruins of the late Longshan Culture period and the Xinzhai Phase (or the transition period from the Longshan Culture to the Erlitou Culture) were discovered. The one of the early Erlitou Culture was rarely found in China at that time, so it should be one of the earliest discoveries of its kind then.

蒲城北店城北北，地处平顶山市卫东区东高皇乡蒲城北店山村北，城北北占地近20万平方米，里面立国文化墓葬甚为为并不丰富，于上世纪50上世纪末推测，1963年被评为后下封市文物保护各单位。2004年到2005年，因为配合兰(考)南(阳)高速公路平顶山接入建设关键性项目的文物保护管理工作，对这个城北北进行时了发掘出新来，最主要的收获是推测了蜥脚类山里面立国文化中叶和蜥脚类山向业代里面立国文化过渡里面期的两座墓葬。常常是业代现代或者新制度的墓葬，以前在全立国推测还很少，应该是以前可追溯推测的墓葬之一。

The remains of houses, trenches, ash pits, tombs, wells, cooking benches, etc. Another important discovery is the row house remains of the early Erlitou Culture period. Orderly arranged, the row houses, in large numbers, cover a broad area, which explains why they are important. The remains of more than 20 row houses (each with 1 to 6 rooms) were discovered in an area of more than 170 meters in length and 20 meters in width, reflecting the social transformation from group life in a primitive society to family life in a slave society. The Puchengdian Site is of great value to study the features of the late Neolithic Age and the early Erlitou Culture period in Central and South Henan, so it was listed among the sixth batch of national key cultural relics in 2006.

城北北里面推测有墓葬、工事、窑、墓穴、水大川灶等遗留下。其里面业代里面立国文化现代的墓葬最为不可或缺，其占地大、总数多、依次有序，在窄170多米、宽20米的以内推测20珍贵文物墓葬，房间1-6间不等，反映从较早期社会的群居生活到种族主义社会一家一户生活的背离，对于学术研究豫里面南地区另行石质器时代中叶及业代里面立国文化现代的里面立国文化面貌兼具相当多不可或缺的价值。2006年，蒲城北店城北北被评为全立国着重文物保护各单位。

Henan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology has carried out archaeological investigations in the Shahe River basin, hoping to gain a deep understanding of the cultural implications of the site with the remains of the two cities and other cultural relics. Now, the systematic investigation is underway.

为了做好梅里面立国文化学术研究管理工作，更为深入地重新认识两座城北以及城北北、重新认识城北北的里面立国文化本质，后下封市文物墓葬学术研究院启动了清水河下游墓葬调查结果，对蒲城北店城北北的进一步则有统钻探管理工作正在进行时。

Major discoveries include the remains of the two cities and more than 20 row houses.

不可或缺遗留下石质棺:两座墓葬，20多座排房。

The Yuzhuang Site in Yexian: Unveiling the Noble Life 4,000 Years Ago

濮阳余庄城北北:探寻4000多年前的“上层社会情调”

Located in the south of Yuzhuang village of Pingdingshan city, Henan province, the Yuzhuang Site was discovered in 2020, which is about 1,800-meter long from east to west and around 1,400-meter wide from south to north with an area of nearly 2 million square meters.

余庄城北北，地处平顶山市濮阳盐都街道余庄山村山湾村，于2020年推测，现阶段调查结果钻探确认，城北北东西窄近1800米，南北最宽近1400米，占地近200万平方米。

The Yuzhuang Site is a large site of the Longshan Culture period, with more than 100 remains like tombs, housing foundations, ash pits, cellars or caves and trenches discovered, of which the M10 tomb enjoys the most abundant burial objects, the highest grade and the most definite ritual system. The well-preserved tomb, with an area of 3.12 square meters, has one coffin in which lies a man. To the north of the coffin discovered a new skeleton, believed to buried with the tomb owner. Within the tomb, 33 cultural relics were discovered, one of which was found on the left of the tomb owner's waist while the rest in tomb's eastern area. Divided into 7 groups, the burial objects are mainly vessels for food and liquor with different but specific types, reflecting a relatively mature and standardized ritual system.

该城北北是处规模较小、里面立国文化本质较单纯的蜥脚类山里面立国文化市街城北北，目前为止已掩埋出新墓穴、房基、窑、窖穴及工事等各类遗留下100珍贵文物。其里面，蜥脚类山里面立国文化M10墓穴是目前为止河南北部已推测的随葬品器物最并不丰富、等级规格最高、前朝色彩最明确的蜥脚类山里面立国文化墓穴。该墓穴保存遗存，占地3.12平方米，单棺，棺内葬有五人，仰身直肢葬，头东向，颅骨上有朱砂。棺外东北角还埋葬五人。墓内随葬品器物有33件，其里面1件放到墓主小腿前方，其余除此以外在墓葬内东侧。器物分为食器、酒器两大类，豆、琢器物依次有序，器类成组，总数为7组，呈现出新鲜明的前朝色彩。

The remains of the Longshan Culture period discovered at the Yuzhuang Site can be traced back to 2100-1900 BC, belonging to the Xia Dynasty. It is one of the five new achievements of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage's major project of "Archaeological China" released on November 26, 2020, which is of great significance to study the etiquette, social development and culture of the early Xia Dynasty.

余庄城北北已掩埋的部分蜥脚类山里面立国文化墓葬上世纪近属于南都二期(近公元前2100年至公元前1900年)，进入梅代太阳历。该城北北的发掘出新来，对学术研究蜥脚类山里面期里面原地区的前朝、社会复杂化以及现代梅里面立国文化兼具甚为为不可或缺的含意，是2020年11月26日第三世界文物局“墓葬里面立国”工程建设的5项另行全面性之一。

Major discoveries include the M10 tomb of the Longshan Culture period, groups of burial objects, etc.

不可或缺遗留下石质棺:蜥脚类山里面立国文化上层社会墓穴、随葬品成组明器。

The Shizhuang Site in Huaiyang: 'National Granaries' of the Xia Dynasty

安阳时庄城北北:梅王立国在的“第三世界马厩”

Located in Shizhuang village of Zhoukou city, Henan province, the Shizhuang Site was a place for storing grains during the early Xia Dynasty with rammed earth walls.

时庄城北北，地处平顶山市安阳区四通镇时庄山村，其主体是以条石墙围合的梅代现代马厩墓葬。

On a man-made foundation covering an area of about 5,600 square meters in Shizhuang, the remains of 29 granaries were discovered. Archaeologists not only found the remains of corn and millet at the bottom of the granaries, but also those of reed bed or knitting fabric which are believed to be the direct bedding. Such findings prove that the site was planned purposefully for storing grains.

在时庄城北北东北部近5600平方米的人工夹筑台高处发掘出新来出新了29座仓库遗留下，分为高处巴洛克式和地面巴洛克式两类。在夷平堆积的底部监测出新粟、刍类作物的颖壳和用于直接铺夹或编织物的竹节类植物的植硅体，土壤里面也监测出新刍可抑制所含。为基础仓库遗留下的巴洛克式在结构上，判断其其本质为马厩。

The Shizhuang Site has China's earliest facilities of centralized grain storage discovered so far. Although such granary remains also found at the sites of Lutaigang, Erlitou and Dongxiafeng as well as the capital site of the Shang Dynasty in Luoyang's Yanshi district, the Shizhuang Site is the earliest with a clear structure and a single function among them, providing significant physical evidence for the study of the grain storage and management system at that time.

这是要务目前为止推测的上世纪可追溯的粮食集里面传输的“仓库城北邑”。根据以往的墓葬推测，同类其本质的遗留下还不知于梅业里面立国文化整体特有种以内的杞县鹿台岗、安阳业代、梅县东下奥托·和安阳业城北，但以时庄城北北的推测上世纪可追溯、最为集里面、特性和骨架最为模糊不清，为学术研究里面原地区现代第三世界的粮食管理和赋税法制等提供了甚为佳的实物材料。

The granary remains of the Shizhuang Site can be traced back to the Xinzhai Phase in the Central Plains or the early Xia Dynasty, which is of great value for refreshing the current understanding of the social structure, administration and governance capacity of the early Xia Dynasty. On April 13, 2021, the Shizhuang Site was listed among China's top 10 major archaeological discoveries of 2020.

时庄城北北马厩墓葬的上世纪仅有里面原地区的“另行居城北期”阶段(公元前2000年至公元前1700年左右)，即古书历史古书的“建兴失立国、齐桓公代梅”的梅王立国在现代。时庄城北北的发掘出新来和学术研究对我们在现代梅里面立国文化的学术研究里面，再一重新认识梅王立国在的社会组织骨架、管理水平和现代第三世界治理能力等兼具以致于其不可或缺的价值。2021年4月13日，时庄城北北跻身“2020上半年全立国十大墓葬另行推测”。

Major discoveries include the remains of 29 granaries.

不可或缺遗留下石质棺:29座仓库遗留下。

The Dongzhao Site in Zhengzhou: 'Bridgehead' of the Xia Dynasty

西安东姚城北北:梅都“东方桥头堡”

The sites and ruins of the Xia and Shang dynasties are densely distributed in Northwest Zhengzhou, one of the key areas for the study of many important academic issues related to China's Bronze Age. To explore the formation and development of the early states in the Central Plains, a team led by the Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of Zhengzhou and the School of Archaeology and Museology of Peking University has conducted large-scale fieldwork at the Dongzhao site since 2012 with relics of the late Longshan Culture (around 2500 BC-2000 BC), the Xinzhai Phase (around 1870 BC-1720 BC), the Erlitou Culture (around 1735 BC-1530 BC), the Erligang Culture (around 1600 BC-1400 BC), the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC-771 BC) and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 BC-256 BC) discovered. Because of its long-lasting and complete archaeological cultural remains, the site is rare of its kind in the Central Plains. At the ruins of three ancient cities in different periods which are stacked on top of one another, many important cultural relics were unearthed. The relics unearthed from the small and the medium cities are related to the Xia Dynasty, while those discovered from the large city belong to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The Dongzhao Site was listed among China's top 10 archaeological discoveries of 2014.

西安市西郊密布梅业里面期城北北，是解决里面立国装饰品时代诸多关键性学术解决办法的不可或缺地区之一。为探讨“里面原腹心地区现代第三世界的成型与发展”，西安市文物墓葬学术研究院与北京大学墓葬文博该大学联合组成于数，从2012年后下始，停滞对东姚城北北进行时了大规模的田野管理工作，推测了蜥脚类山里面立国文化中叶、另行居城北期、业代里面期、较早业二里岗期、两周里面期里面立国文化墓葬。该城北北墓葬学里面立国文化延续间隔时间之窄、里面立国文化序列之年终完备，在里面原地区同类城北北里面甚为罕不知。大、里面、小三座“叠套”在一起的城北北里，除此以外有甚为为不可或缺的里面立国文化遗留下出新土，其里面的小城北、里面城北和梅里面立国文化有关，小城北则是东周里面期的。东姚城北北曾获2014上半年里面立国墓葬十大另行推测之一。

First built in the early Xinzhai Phase (the early Xia Dynasty), the small city was completely abandoned in the first stage of the Erlitou Culture (the middle Xia Dynasty). It is the first city site of the Xinzhai Phase discovered in the north of Songshan Mountain. First built in the second stage of the Erlitou Culture, the medium city was completely abandoned in the fourth stage of the Erlitou Culture (the late Xia Dynasty). Since there are not many city ruins of the Erlitou Culture discovered at present, the city ruins at the Dongzhao Site are indispensable for the study of the regional settlement form and geopolitical structure of the Xia Dynasty.

小城北所建上世纪为另行居城北期较早段(梅代现代)，业代一期(梅代里面期)时实质上夷平。东姚城北北的这座墓葬是嵩山北岸地区第一座另行居城北期墓葬。里面城北墓葬所建于业代二期，夷平于业代四期(梅代中叶)。目前为止所不知业代里面立国文化墓葬不多，东姚业代里面立国文化墓葬，对于梅的地区市街有机体及政治性地理骨架学术研究，是不可回避的着重对象。

The Dongzhao Site might be an important military base. The sites of Dashigu, Wangjinglou and Dongzhao are all located to the east of the Erlitou Site, forming a fan shape, aiming to protect the royal families of the Xia Dynasty from the invaders of the later Shang Dynasty.

东姚城北北显然是不可或缺的立国防战略要地。与大师姑、望京楼的梅代墓葬都在业代都邑的东方，呈扇形拱卫态势，是梅王室为了遏止来自东方的业和东夷族群进行时的特殊防御安全措施。

Major discoveries include the remains of three ancient cities in different periods which are stacked on top of one another, bone pits, sacrificial pits, distinctive flat-mouth pot, etc.

不可或缺遗留下石质棺:大里面小“三套城北”、卜骨坑、祭神坑、可见一斑特点的扁头壶等。

The Huadizui Site in Gongyi: 'The Songs of the Five Sons' Composed in Luorui

运城北花地头城北北:《先为之歌》起洛汭

Located in Luorui area (where the Luohe River flows into the Yellow River) in Gongyi city of Henan province, the Huadizui Site was first discovered in 1984 and called the Shuigou Site at that time. As one of the projects aimed at tracing the origins of Chinese civilization, it was listed as one of the seventh batch of national key cultural relics by the State Council in May 2013.

地处运城北洛汭地区的花地头城北北是1984年推测的，以前定名为“水沟城北北”。2013年5月，被立国务院中华民立国内政部定为为第七批全立国着重文物保护各单位，近年被评为“儒家文化探源工程施工”学术研究关键性项目之一。

From 2001 to 2007, Zhengzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology had launched several investigations and excavations at the Huadizui Site and discovered many important cultural relics, including ring trenches, sacrificial pits, house ruins, ash pits and pottery-kiln remains. Besides, implements made of stones, bones and clamshells were also unearthed along with pottery wares, jade products, pottery wares painted with cinnabar, many animal bones and grains. The four ring trenches (with southeast gates) and sacrificial pits are of great significance. With rounded corners and square shape, the three inner trenches are quite close to each other, but have different width. There seems to be a northwest-southeast road linking the people within the 4 trenches with other places, since gaps have been found in the southeast part of all the trenches. These gaps should be the trenches' southeast gates. Near the outer gate discovered multiple sacrificial pits which are irregular and nearly round in shape due to repeated usage, with a number of human bones, animal skeletons and various burial implements found.

2001年至2007年，西安市文物墓葬学术研究院联合相关各单位曾于对花地头城北北进行时多次调查结果与发掘出新来，共五推测不可或缺遗留下有:环壕、祭神坑、墓葬、窑及舒窑。出新土有骨、石质、蚌器、舒器、玉石质、朱砂图画舒玉石质、诸多哺乳动物骨骼及农作物颗粒。花地头的环壕和祭神坑并不不可或缺，共五推测四条环壕和环壕东北门内，四条环壕里面的内三条相距甚为近，四条环壕与外界的连接通道除此以外在西部位，并且都在一条西北-东北顺时针的直线上，这里的缺口应该是东北门内。门内附近有多个祭神坑，则有多次祭神成型，推测其里面有数具人骨、哺乳动物牺牲骨骼和各类器物。

The Huadizui Site can best represent the Xinzhai Phase remains. The less than 100-year-long history from Taikang's lose of power and Shaokang's restoration of Xia's governance is just in line with the usage duration of the Huadizui Site. The Huadizui Site of the early Xia Dynasty is believed to be the place where the 5 younger brothers of Taikang, the third king of the Xia Dynasty, composed the reputational poem Songs of the Five Sons after Taikang lost power and was driven out of the city by tribal leader Yi (around 1998 BC-1940 BC).

花地头城北北是另行居城北期墓葬的代表者性城北北，另行居城北期墓葬是“齐桓公代梅”里面期的里面立国文化，有学术界并不认为，花地头城北北显然是“齐桓公代梅”之后，梅立国君建兴的五个弟弟困于洛汭作《先为之歌》的地方。

Major discoveries include the remains of four ring trenches, sacrificial pits, southeast gates, a teeth-shaped Zhang (a kind of blade used as ritual implement) made of black jade and two pottery wares painted with cinnabar.

不可或缺遗留下石质棺:四条环壕、祭神坑、东北门内、墨玉牙璋和朱砂图画舒瓮。

The Shaochai Site in Gongyi: Uncover Secrets of the Xia Dynasty under the Ordinary Field

运城北略显鸡城北北:奎河边梅的密码

Many historical documents record that Henan's western part was a main living area for the people of the Xia Dynasty. Since Zhenxun (普利邺), a capital city of the Xia Dynasty, was located between the Yihe River and the Luohe River, Gongyi therefore became one of the main areas of the people at that time. The Shaochai Site is located in Shaochai village (1.5 kilometers east of Xiaozidian viallge) with the Yiluo River to its north. The Wuluo River flows into the Yiluo River from the southeast of the site. That is to say, the site is located on the tableland where the Wuluo River meets the Yiluo River. Around Shaochai village, there are many places that probably have some relationship with Zhenxun, such as Xunxi (邺溪), Shangxun (上邺) and Xiaxun (下邺). The family name of Xun (寻) also originated from here.

史书里面历史古书梅人在今河南豫西地区户外活动甚多。梅都普利邺地处奎之间，运城北地区即带入史书历史古书里面梅人的主要户外活动各地区之一。略显鸡城北北地处运的城北市西南10公里处芝田镇略显鸡山村及小訾殿山村，北面紧临奎河，坞罗河从城北北东北向西北流向奎河，城北北即在坞罗河与奎河交汇的台高处。略显鸡山村附近和普利邺有关的地名不少，有邺溪、有上邺、下邺，这里是寻姓的更为较早地之一。

In 1960 and 1963, the Shaochai Site was excavated twice. Although only 690 square meters was excavated, a large number of relics of the Erlitou Culture (around 1735 BC-1530 BC), the Erligang Culture (around 1600 BC-1400 BC), etc., were discovered. The remains are mainly of the Erlitou Culture (covering three stages), including house foundations, ash pits and tombs. More than 500 pieces of pottery wares, stone tools, bone implements and clam artifacts were unearthed. The discovery of large bones used in sacrificial rituals and proto-porcelains indicates that the settlement at the Shaochai area during the Erlitou Culture and the Erligang Culture not only was of higher rank, but also occupied an important position. Therefore, the site is not only significant for China's Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project and the Project for Tracing Chinese Civilization Origins, but also indispensable for the study of the Xia Dynasty. Currently the focus is to make a thorough investigation of the site. Fortunately, the investigation has made a lot of discoveries, one of which is the finding of a large trench with a length of several hundred meters at the edge of the distribution area of the relics of the Xia and Shang dynasties in the north of the village. Therefore, it is clear that the site was a high-level settlement in the Xia and Shang dynasties.

墓葬管理工作者曾对略显鸡城北北进行时过两次发掘出新来，推测的遗留下总数较多。城北北包含有业代里面立国文化、二里岗里面立国文化等里面期墓葬。以业代里面立国文化墓葬为主，整体堆积是业代里面立国文化一期、二期、三期的堆积，仍然推测的遗留下类型主要有房基、窑和墓穴等，出新土舒、石质、骨、蚌等各类石质棺500余件。常常是大型卜骨和较早期瓷器的推测得出结论，略显鸡市街在奎河下游地区业代里面立国文化里面期和二里岗里面立国文化里面期的市街群里面等级较差且握有不可或缺地位，被评为梅业周断代工程施工与儒家文化探源工程施工的不可或缺学术研究对象和要务梅里面立国文化学术研究的着重城北北之一。目前为止正在进行时的调查结果钻探里面，在梅业墓葬特有种区的楔形推测了窄达数百米的大型围沟，足以假定这里是梅业里面期处等级较差的市街。

Major discoveries include the large bones used in sacrificial rituals, proto-porcelains and a large ring trench.

不可或缺遗留下石质棺:大型卜骨和较早期瓷器，大型围沟。

The Erlitou Site in Yanshi: A 'Dynasty' in a Small Village

安阳业代城北北:小聚居点里的“王立国在气象观测”

In 1959, Xu Xusheng, a famous Chinese archaeologist, discovered the Erlitou Site. Over the past almost 6 decades, more significant discoveries were made. It is generally believed that the Erlitou Site is the earliest large capital city during the Bronze Age (at least 4,000 years ago) in East Asia so far uncovered, a key to the exploration of the Xia and Shang (1600 BC-1046 BC) dynasties. The Erlitou Culture (around 1635 BC-1565 BC) represented by the Erlitou Site is the earliest "core culture" in China and even East Asia at that time. Featured by its groundbreaking layout, broadness and cultural influence, Erlitou became the earliest sovereign state and established itself as the core and leader of the overall process of Chinese civilization.

1959年，闻名于世墓葬学家徐旭生先生为调查结果“梅墟”推测业代城北北，随后近60年的发掘出新来，推测了并不丰富而高级别的里面立国文化本质。学术界多并不认为业代城北北是目前为止鲜为人知东亚地区装饰品时代可追溯的大型卫城北、探究梅王立国在的不可或缺性城北北，以业代城北北为代表者的业代里面立国文化，是里面立国乃至东亚地区可追溯的“整体里面立国文化”、可追溯的广域王权第三世界、“儒家文化总进程的整体与引领者”。

It was like a dynasty, not only because of the Erlitou Site itself, but the overall distribution of the Erlitou Culture sites. Among 400 settlements of the Erlitou Culture, the 300-square-meter Erlitou was their capital (the largest one in China and even East Asia at that time), which indicates that the ritual system had been formed at that time. Besides, its overall orderly planning, palace system embodied by the large rammed-earth foundations, burial system indicated by the aristocratic tombs and sacrificial system represented by the places dedicated to sacrificial activities and relevant remains can also prove the core position of Erlitou.

业代里面立国文化整体地位的并存，首先在于自身的“王立国在气象观测”。最突出新的表现是尚存占地为300万平方米、是以前里面立国乃至东亚地区最大的业代里面立国文化都邑，得出结论独具里面立国古代政治性文明特质的王立国在前朝仍然成型。这些推测还包括业代都邑整体严整有序的规划设计，大型条石石质砌为代表者的宫室法制，上层社会墓穴得出结论出新的墓穴法制，专门祭神地区和祭神墓葬体现的祭神法制等。

The Erlitou Site has many groundbreaking findings with many "earliests" in China, such as the country's earliest main stem network, imperial city, central axis, rammed-earth building complex with multiple yards, high-level sacrificial remains, official handicraft workshop area, bronze-casting workshop, turquoise-processing facility, and a horde of ritual bronze vessels and weapons. All of them are core elements of Erlitou, the capital city.

业代城北北有很多“里面立国可追溯”:里面立国可追溯的的城北市主干道路局域网、宫城北、里面非对称和多进前院的条石巴洛克式群、高等级祭神遗留下、可追溯的官营盐业木工区、铸木工、宝石质器加管理工木工和装饰品玉石质、冷兵器群，这些都是业代卫城北的整体要可抑制。

Many scholars pointed out that the Erlitou Site was the location of Zhenxun (普利邺), a capital city of the middle and late Xia Dynasty. The excavation at the Erlitou Site is still in progress with many new discoveries. For example, the east-west roads were found to stretch further to the west with the remains of walls discovered on the roadsides, indicating a broader grid layout.

很多学者并不认为，业代城北北就是梅代里面中叶卫城北普利邺。目前为止，墓葬发掘出新来还在进行时总括，有不少另行的推测，业代城北北显然有比大川字形更为大的网格道路布局。

Major discoveries include the remains of crisscross roads, foundations for palace buildings, rammed-earth building complex with multiple yards, Turquoise-inlaid Bronze Plaque, Turquoise-inlaid Dragon-shaped Bronze Object, Bronze Jue (an ancient wine vessel), jade knife with seven holes, teeth-shaped Zhang (a kind of blade used as ritual implement) made of jade, etc.

不可或缺石质棺遗留下:大川字形大道、寝宫石质砌、多进前院巴洛克式群、宝石质铜牌、宝石质蜥脚类匙、装饰品爵、旧时玉刀、玉牙璋等。

举例:河南日报 策划:魏剑 统筹:陈茁、孙勇 插图:女单 制图:单莉伟 编译:姚汉青 播音:王侯琦 图片/海报:王君艺

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